What is net-snmp ?
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is a widely used protocol for monitoring the health and welfare of network equipment (eg. routers), computer equipment and even devices like UPSs. Net-SNMP is a suite of applications used to implement SNMP v1, SNMP v2c and SNMP v3 using both IPv4 and IPv6.
Net-SNMP Tutorials
http://www.net-snmp.org/tutorial/tutorial-5/
Net-SNMP Documentation
http://www.net-snmp.org/docs/readmefiles.html
# Installing SNMP Server in Ubuntu #####
$ sudo apt-get install snmpd
# Configuring SNMP Server #####
/etc/snmp/snmpd.conf - configuration file for the Net-SNMP SNMP agent.
/etc/snmp/snmptrapd.conf - configuration file for the Net-SNMP trap daemon.
Set up the snmp server to allow read access from the other machines in your network for this you need to open the file /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf change the following Configuration and save the file.
$ sudo gedit /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
snmpd.conf
#---------------------------------------------------------------
######################################
# Map the security name/networks into a community name.
# We will use the security names to create access groups
######################################
# sec.name source community
com2sec my_sn1 localhost my_comnt
com2sec my_sn2 192.168.10.0/24 my_comnt
####################################
# Associate the security name (network/community) to the
# access groups, while indicating the snmp protocol version
####################################
# sec.model sec.name
group MyROGroup v1 my_sn1
group MyROGroup v2c my_sn1
group MyROGroup v1 my_sn2
group MyROGroup v2c my_sn2
group MyRWGroup v1 my_sn1
group MyRWGroup v2c my_sn1
group MyRWGroup v1 my_sn2
group MyRWGroup v2c my_sn2
#######################################
# Create the views on to which the access group will have access,
# we can define these views either by inclusion or exclusion.
# inclusion - you access only that branch of the mib tree
# exclusion - you access all the branches except that one
#######################################
# incl/excl subtree mask (opcional)
view my_vw1 included .1 80
view my_vw2 included .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.system
#######################################
# Finaly associate the access groups to the views and give them
# read/write access to the views.
#######################################
# context sec.model sec.level match read write notif
access MyROGroup "" any noauth exact my_vw1 none none
access MyRWGroup "" any noauth exact my_vw2 my_vw2 none
# -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
# Give access to other interfaces besides the loopback #####
$ sudo gedit /etc/default/snmpd
find the line:
SNMPDOPTS='-Lsd -Lf /dev/null -u snmp -I -smux -p /var/run/snmpd.pid 127.0.0.1'
and change it to:
SNMPDOPTS='-Lsd -Lf /dev/null -u snmp -I -smux -p /var/run/snmpd.pid'
# Restart snmpd to load de new config #####
$ sudo /etc/init.d/snmpd restart
# Test the SNMP Server #####
$ sudo apt-get install snmp
$ sudo snmpwalk -v 2c -c my_comnt localhost system
Showing posts with label linux. ubuntu. Show all posts
Showing posts with label linux. ubuntu. Show all posts
Thursday, April 9, 2009
Friday, August 8, 2008
PSP Video Converter (PSPVC) on Ubuntu 8.04
I'm new to Linux and sure appreciate step by step instructions when I get stuck. Since I haven't been able to find any while trying to install pspvc, I figured I'd roll my own. I managed to successfully install it by piecing together bits from a bunch of posts. Let's see if we can put it all together in one place.
This worked for me in Ubuntu Edgy. Hopefully, it'll work for you.
1. Download pspvc from here: http://pspvc.sourceforge.net/, saving it to your desktop.
2. Double click the pspvc tar.gz file on your desktop.
3. Press "Extract", ensure "Desktop" is listed as the location to extract the files, and then press the "Extract" button (again).
4. You should now have a pspvc-install-0.3 folder on your desktop.
5. Open Terminal or Konsole (whichever you have installed).
6. Install dependencies using this command:
Code:
$ sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-dev libfaac-dev libxvidcore4-dev nasm build-essential
7. Several development libraries that pspvc requires will install. You'll see a bunch of output and it'll take a few seconds to complete.
8. Next, enter the following command, replacing user with your user name. This will change the prompt to the pspvc installation directory.
Code:
$ cd /home/user/Desktop/pspvc-install-0.3
9. To begin the pspvc install, enter this command:
Code:
sudo ./install.sh
10. When the install completes, you should see a message that says "PSPVC installation completed". You're done!
11. Enter pspvc at the prompt to start the application.
Taken From: http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=2258647&postcount=5
This worked for me in Ubuntu Edgy. Hopefully, it'll work for you.
1. Download pspvc from here: http://pspvc.sourceforge.net/, saving it to your desktop.
2. Double click the pspvc tar.gz file on your desktop.
3. Press "Extract", ensure "Desktop" is listed as the location to extract the files, and then press the "Extract" button (again).
4. You should now have a pspvc-install-0.3 folder on your desktop.
5. Open Terminal or Konsole (whichever you have installed).
6. Install dependencies using this command:
Code:
$ sudo apt-get install libgtk2.0-dev libfaac-dev libxvidcore4-dev nasm build-essential
7. Several development libraries that pspvc requires will install. You'll see a bunch of output and it'll take a few seconds to complete.
8. Next, enter the following command, replacing user with your user name. This will change the prompt to the pspvc installation directory.
Code:
$ cd /home/user/Desktop/pspvc-install-0.3
9. To begin the pspvc install, enter this command:
Code:
sudo ./install.sh
10. When the install completes, you should see a message that says "PSPVC installation completed". You're done!
11. Enter pspvc at the prompt to start the application.
Taken From: http://ubuntuforums.org/showpost.php?p=2258647&postcount=5
Monday, July 14, 2008
Live CD From Your In Installation / Running System - Ubuntu - Hard Way
Transforming your Installation into a Live DVD/CD
José Oliveira: I tested this tutorial on Ubuntu 8.04 Hardy Heron using the method without using de debootstrap, and it worked like a charm, my only work was copying the commands from tutorial and paste them in the bash shell :).
This HOWTO is about making a live CD/DVD from the main system on your hard drive. This might be desired if you have customized your system and want to have it on CD.
Another approach that will be discussed here is building your live CD/DVD from scratch. This will be done by building a new system using debootstrap. This is usefull if you want to build a clean live CD, or if you want to build a minimal rescue cd. (Consult Appendix.2 for more details about building a CD from scratch).
The live CD is usually created with a filesystem called squashfs. Squashfs is read only compressed filesystem that allow us to squeeze our system into a single CD. Note that your system has to be about 2GB (this might need some trial an error) to produce a compressed image that fits on the CD.
Background on live CD/DVD
Note: This section is a clarification of how live CD works. You don't have to read it. You can skip it if you want.
A live CD/DVD is basically a normal linux installation just like an ordinary harddrive installation. However, simply copying the harddirve installation over to a CD/DVD is not enough to produce a working system. Why? because there are still minor differences between a live CD/DVD and on ordinary harddrive installation. So in addition to copying our harddirve installation to the CD/DVD we must address those differences as well.
So what are these differences?
These considerations require special preparation at boot time, some of which must be performed even before mounting the actual filesystem. How can we do this?
Linux introduced a mechanism that allow for such preparations at boot time before the actual root filesystem is mounted. It is called the initial root filesystem or initramfs. This mechanism is used also in mounting normal harddirve installations, as it adds flexibilty to the boot process.
initramfs is virtual filesystem. It is a compressed cpio (cpio is an archive format similar to tar) archive that contains a minimal shell, kernel modules necessary for mounting the root filesystem and number of scripts that perform some tasks at boot time. The most important of these scripts is a script called init located at the root of the initramfs.
How does initramfs work?
The boot loader loads both the kernel and the initramfs into memory and starts the kernel. The kernel then unpacks the initramfs and mount it as initial root filesystem, and then looks for the init program within the initial filesystem, and once it finds it, it executes it and hand the boot process over to it. This init scirpt is responsible for finding the real root filesystem and mounting it. It is also responsible for any special preparations required at boot time.
So any special operations required for booting the system from live media can be coded into the initramfs boot scripts.
How is initramfs is created?
We do not have to create initramfs manually (although it can be done). There are tools for creating and updating initramfs like the command update-initramfs. Moreover, these tools can include custom scripts into the initramfs if they are placed in a certain preset locations (/usr/share/initramfs/scripts). So all we have to do is dump our custom scripts (which will do all the required preparation for booting the live CD/DVD) into these preset locations, and then create a custom initramfs by running update-initramfs.
We don't even have to write these scripts. Why? becuase there are packages that have scripts tailored for booting form live CDs. One of these packages is called casper (this is the package used in this howto). By installing casper into the system, it places the scripts in there proper locations (where they can be spotted by update-initrfamfs). The only thing we need to do after installing casper is running update-initramfs to create an initramfs suitable for live CD/DVD.
The live CD/DVD structure:
The directory tree of the live CD/DVD we are going to create is going to look like this:
Code:
(CD ROOT)
|-------+casper
| |-------filesystem.${FORMAT}
| |-------filesystem.manifest
| |-------filesystem.manifest-desktop
|
|-------+boot
| |--------+grub
| | |--------menu.lst
| | |--------stage2_eltorito
| |
| |-------vmlinuz
| |-------initrd.gz
| |-------memtest86+
|
|--------md5sum.txt
What you need:
Outline of the steps:
A. Prepare Our work environment.
B. Copy the Source system to the target directory.
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: This step and replaced with the instructions listed here.
C. Chroot into the new system and make some modifications.
D. Prepare The CD directory tree.
E. Build the CD/DVD
Appendix 1. Adapting this guide to Debian.
Appendix 2. Building the live media form scratch using Debootstrap.
Conventions used in this HOWTO:
A. Preparing the environment
1. Set some variables
The WORK Directory is where our temporary files and mount point will reside.
The CD is the location of the CD tree.
FORMAT is the filesystem type. We you are going to use a compressed squashfs
FS_DIR is the location of the actual filesystem image within the cd tree.
Replace only the values highlighted in Magenta.
2. Create the CD and the WORK directory structure:
Code:
sudo mkdir -p ${CD}/{${FS_DIR},boot/grub} ${WORK}/rootfs
3. Install some packages on your current system:
sudo apt-get update
Code:
sudo apt-get install mkisofs grub squashfs-tools linux-ubuntu-modules-$(uname -r) qemu
qemu is optional. It is only needed for testing the cd before burning it. It can be substituted with any other virtualization software like virtualbox.
linux-ubuntu-modules-$(uname -r) is only needed for Ubuntu Gutsy and later. If using an Ubuntu version prior to Gutsy omit this package as it is part of the main kerenl package.
B. Copy your installation into the new filesystem.
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step and replace it with the instructions listed here.
Code:
sudo rsync -av --one-file-system --exclude=/proc/* --exclude=/dev/*\
--exclude=/sys/* --exclude=/tmp/* --exclude=/home/*\
--exclude=/lost+found / ${WORK}/rootfs
Note: rsync is used instead of cp to take advantage of the --one-file-system and the --exclude options.
If you have a separate boot partition you will have to copy it using the following command:
sudo cp -av /boot/* ${WORK}/rootfs/boot
(Optional) Copy settings in your home dir:
If you want to preseve your user account settings which are stored in your home directory, you can copy them to ${WORK}/rootfs/etc/skel/.
But first we have to define what files we want to copy. For example I am using xcfe4 as my DE, and it stores all it settings in a directory called .config in my home directory, so I am going to add .config to the variable $CONFIG:
Code:
CONFIG='.config .bashrc'
Now, Copy the CONFIG files using the following command:
Code:
cd ~ && for i in $CONFIG
do
sudo cp -rpv --parents $i ${WORK}/rootfs/etc/skel
done
C. Chroot into the new system and modify it:
1. Chroot into the copied system after mounting proc and dev:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step.
N.B: All commands in Blue are done within a chroot.
Now you are within chroot environment, type the following command:
LANG=
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: Resume the steps of the guide here.
2. Install Packages Essential for live CD:
apt-get update
Code:
apt-get install casper discover1 xresprobe
casper contain the live scirpts.
discover1 & xresprobe are used for autodetectin hardware at startup.
3. (Optional) If you want your live cd to have an installer, install the Ubuntu installer:
Code:
apt-get install ubiquity
Note: People using kde replace replace the previous command with
Code:
apt-get install ubiquity ubiquity-frontend-kde
Credit for this goes note to Fragadelic author of remastersys. Remastersys.
(Optional Step)Install any packages you want to be in the CD. Some of the following packages are useful in emergency situations:
Code:
sudo apt-get install gparted ms-sys testdisk wipe partimage xfsprogs reiserfsprogs jfsutils ntfs-3g ntfsprogs dosfstools mtools
gparted: patitioning tool. It is automatically installed as a dependecy of ubiquity.
ms-sys: writing a Microsoft compatible boot record (MBR).
testdisk: Partition scanner and disk recovery tool.
wipe: Secure file deletion.
partimage: backup partitions into a compressed image file (like norton ghost).
xfsprogs reiserfsprogs jfsutils: Tools for handling different filesystems.
mtools: Tools for manipulating MSDOS files
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: Additional step right here. Look in appendix.2 for details.
4. Update the initramfs:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: Commands in this step are to be modified. Look in appendix.2 for details.
First update modules.dep:
depmod -a $(uname -r)
Code:
update-initramfs -u -k $(uname -r)
As already metioned above, the initramfs is reponsible for much of the preparation required at the boot time of the CD/DVD. The updated initramfs now contain the live scirpts installed with casper.
5. Delete these files.
for i in "/etc/hosts /etc/hostname /etc/resolv.conf /etc/timezone /etc/fstab /etc/mtab /etc/shadow /etc/shadow- /etc/gshadow /etc/gshadow- /etc/gdm/gdm-cdd.conf /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom /etc/X11/xorg.conf /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/device.map"
do
rm $i
done 2>/dev/null
These files are not needed in the CD/DVD. some of them are could interfer with the CD/DVD boot process. (e.g. shadow and gdm.conf-custom can interfere with autologin).
6. Clean apt cache
9. Clean the chroot environment form unnecessary files:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step.
find /var/run /var/log /var/mail /var/spool /var/lock /var/backups /var/tmp -type f -exec rm {} \;
10. If you are using GDM recreate it's config file:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step.
[ -f "/etc/gdm/factory-gdm.conf" ] && cp -f /etc/gdm/factory-gdm.conf /etc/gdm/gdm.conf 2>/dev/null
Sometimes a customized /etc/gdm/gdm.conf can interfere with the live CD/DVD autologin.
11. Create some files in /var/log:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step.
for i in dpkg.log lastlog mail.log syslog auth.log daemon.log faillog lpr.log mail.warn user.log boot debug mail.err messages wtmp bootstrap.log dmesg kern.log mail.info
do
touch /var/log/${i}
done
Most of these files are log files that have been cleaned in step 7. We created an empty files in their place to prevent the system from complaining at boot.
12. Exit chroot
D. Prepare The CD directory tree:
1. Copy the kernel, the updated initrd and memtest prepared in the chroot:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: Commands in this step are to be modified. Look in appendix.2 for details.
sudo cp -vp ${WORK}/rootfs/boot/vmlinuz-$(uname -r) ${CD}/boot/vmlinuz
Code:
sudo cp -vp ${WORK}/rootfs/boot/initrd.img-$(uname -r) ${CD}/boot/initrd.gz
Code:
sudo cp -vp ${WORK}/rootfs/boot/memtest86+.bin ${CD}/boot
2. Generate manifest:
Note: This step is only needed if you installed the Ubuntu installer ubiquity. This step generates two files (filesystem.manifest & filesystem.manifest-desktop).
Code:
sudo chroot ${WORK}/rootfs dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Package} ${Version}\n' | sudo tee ${CD}/${FS_DIR}/filesystem.manifest
Code:
sudo cp -v ${CD}/${FS_DIR}/filesystem.manifest{,-desktop}
Code:
REMOVE='ubiquity casper user-setup discover1 xresprobe os-prober libdebian-installer4'
Code;
for i in $REMOVE
do
sudo sed -i "/${i}/d" ${CD}/${FS_DIR}/filesystem.manifest-desktop
done
These two files are used by the ubiquity installer when installing to harddisk. These two files are just lists of packages. Ubiquity compares these two files and removes packages unique to filesystem.manifest. This way when installing to harddisk, packages like casper which is only useful in a live CD/DVD are removed. These packages that will be removed at install are defined in the variable $REMOVE
3. Unmount bind mounted dirs:
Code:
sudo umount ${WORK}/rootfs/proc
Code:
sudo umount ${WORK}/rootfs/sys
Code:
sudo umount ${WORK}/rootfs/dev
4. Convert the directory tree into a squashfs:
sudo mksquashfs ${WORK}/rootfs ${CD}/${FS_DIR}/filesystem.${FORMAT}
Note: Make sure the resulting file size can fit into your live media.
Note: Compression might incur a slight performace penalty. If you are using DVD and your overall system size is less than 4GB you don't have to use compression, instead you can use squashfs without compression by adding the -noI -noD -noF switches to mksquashfs.
5. Make Grub the bootloader of the CD
Copy grub file:
Copy the following text into it and save it.
# By default, boot the first entry.
default 0
# Boot automatically after 30 secs.
timeout 30
color cyan/blue white/blue
title Start Linux in Graphical Mode
kernel /boot/vmlinuz BOOT=casper boot=casper nopersistent rw quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
title Start Linux in Safe Graphical Mode
kernel /boot/vmlinuz BOOT=casper boot=casper xforcevesa rw quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
title Start Linux in Text Mode
kernel /boot/vmlinuz BOOT=casper boot=casper nopersistent textonly rw quiet
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
title Start Presistent Live CD
kernel /boot/vmlinuz BOOT=casper boot=casper persistent rw quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
title Start Linux Graphical Mode from RAM
kernel /boot/vmlinuz BOOT=casper boot=casper toram nopersistent rw quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
title Memory Test
kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin
title Boot the First Hard Disk
root (hd0)
chainloader +1
6. Calculate MD5
cd $CD && find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sudo md5sum | sudo tee ${CD}/md5sum.txt
E. Build the CD/DVD
1. Make the ISO file
sudo mkisofs -b boot/grub/stage2_eltorito \
-no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table \
-V "Custom Live CD" -cache-inodes -r -J -l \
-o ~/live-cd.iso $CD
2. Test the CD
Test using qemu emulator
Code:
qemu -cdrom ~/live-cd.iso -boot d
Or use any other virtualization program you like.
Update: As noted by az in this post, while testing the iso with qemu sometimes it drops you to an initramfs shell because of a problem with qemu. This behaviour has been confirmed by other users. In this case it is advisable to retest the iso with another virtualization software like virtualbox or to burn the iso to REWRITABLE cd and test directly on your pc.
3. (Optional) Clean our workspace
Code:
[ -d "$WORK" ] && rm -r $WORK $CD
Final Notes:
Appendix 1. Adapting this guide to Debian
This guide can be modified to apply to Debian systems as well. There are number of differeces between Ubuntu and Debian that we must take into account:
So in light of the points mentioned above we have to make the following modifications to adapt the guide to Debian:
In step A.1 replace FS_DIR=casper with
Code:
FS_DIR=live
Replace the command in Step A.3 with:
Skip step C.3 and D.2 if you do not intend to try ubiquity on Debian.
In Step D.5 Replace every occurence of BOOT=casper and boot=casper in menu.lst with BOOT=live and boot=live respectively
Appendix 2. Building the live media form scratch using debootstrap.
Instead of using your current installation to be the basis of you live CD, you can build a custom system from scratch into any directory in your system using debootstrap, and then use that as the basis of your CD. The modifications you have to make are:
Before step C.4 set the following variable:
export kversion=`cd /boot && ls vmlinuz-* | sed 's@vmlinuz-@@'`
Modify the two commands in step C.4 so they look lik this:
Code:
update-initramfs -u -k ${kversion}
Skip the following steps: C8, C9, C10, C11
Modify the commands in Step D.1 as follows:
find ${WORK}/rootfs/boot -iname 'vmlinuz*' -exec sudo cp -vp {} ${CD}/boot/vmlinuz \;
Code:
find ${WORK}/rootfs/boot -iname 'initrd.img*' -exec sudo cp -vp {} ${CD}/boot/initrd.gz \;
Code:
sudo cp -vp ${WORK}/rootfs/boot/memtest86+.bin ${CD}/boot
dit (1): 20/02/08
Update (2): 14/03/08
Fragadelic kindly posted this guide on his website. Fragadelic is the author of remastersys. Remastersys is a tool that can create a live CD/DVD in an automated manner as opposed to the step by step nature of this guide. Another advantage of remastersys is that it has a GUI for those who do not want to miss with the command line.
Edit (3): 12/04/08
Correcting a typo in step E.2 as pointed out by vbgeek
Edit (4): 21/04/08
Removed live-initramfs from the variable REMOVE (in step D.2) as pointed out by gjhicks
Edit (5): 05/05/08
Removed the appendix of how to make the cd using a unix filesystem like ext2. This is now obsolete as you can use squashfs without compression by adding the -noI -noD -noF switches to mksquashfs.
Last edited by capink; May 13th, 2008 at 07:27 AM.
Taken From: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=688872
José Oliveira: I tested this tutorial on Ubuntu 8.04 Hardy Heron using the method without using de debootstrap, and it worked like a charm, my only work was copying the commands from tutorial and paste them in the bash shell :).
This HOWTO is about making a live CD/DVD from the main system on your hard drive. This might be desired if you have customized your system and want to have it on CD.
Another approach that will be discussed here is building your live CD/DVD from scratch. This will be done by building a new system using debootstrap. This is usefull if you want to build a clean live CD, or if you want to build a minimal rescue cd. (Consult Appendix.2 for more details about building a CD from scratch).
The live CD is usually created with a filesystem called squashfs. Squashfs is read only compressed filesystem that allow us to squeeze our system into a single CD. Note that your system has to be about 2GB (this might need some trial an error) to produce a compressed image that fits on the CD.
Background on live CD/DVD
Note: This section is a clarification of how live CD works. You don't have to read it. You can skip it if you want.
A live CD/DVD is basically a normal linux installation just like an ordinary harddrive installation. However, simply copying the harddirve installation over to a CD/DVD is not enough to produce a working system. Why? because there are still minor differences between a live CD/DVD and on ordinary harddrive installation. So in addition to copying our harddirve installation to the CD/DVD we must address those differences as well.
So what are these differences?
- The CD or DVD is read only media. Linux needs to have write access to certain parts of the system to be able to operate properly (like "/dev" "/proc" "/var" "/tmp"). There are a lot of approaches to address this problem. All of which utilize the system RAM. Some of these approaches enable write access only to essential directories and files, and hence, they do not allow the user to modify the system or install new packages while in the live CD. Other approaches, like unionfs which is what is used in this guide, allows the user to write to any part of the system. This is done by merging part of the RAM with the read-only filesystem of the live CD/DVD and making the look like one filesystem that have read-write access. Unionfs has to be mounted at boot in a certain manner.
- With the harddrive installation the location of the root filesystem is fixed. So it is passed to the kernel at boot time using the root=/dev/... parameter. With a live CD/DVD, the location of the root device is not fixed as the user might have multiple cdrom drives, these drives can be ide, scsi ... etc. So for the root filesystem to be mounted, there must be a way to identify the root device, and then we have to load the suitable kernel modules (to be able to access the cdrom controller as well as the CD filesystem). All this has to be done even before we have a root filesystem mounted.
- To fit on a CD, the filesystem is usually compressed using squashfs. So we need to autodetect the filesystem type. We also need to have the proper modules for mounting it.
These considerations require special preparation at boot time, some of which must be performed even before mounting the actual filesystem. How can we do this?
Linux introduced a mechanism that allow for such preparations at boot time before the actual root filesystem is mounted. It is called the initial root filesystem or initramfs. This mechanism is used also in mounting normal harddirve installations, as it adds flexibilty to the boot process.
initramfs is virtual filesystem. It is a compressed cpio (cpio is an archive format similar to tar) archive that contains a minimal shell, kernel modules necessary for mounting the root filesystem and number of scripts that perform some tasks at boot time. The most important of these scripts is a script called init located at the root of the initramfs.
How does initramfs work?
The boot loader loads both the kernel and the initramfs into memory and starts the kernel. The kernel then unpacks the initramfs and mount it as initial root filesystem, and then looks for the init program within the initial filesystem, and once it finds it, it executes it and hand the boot process over to it. This init scirpt is responsible for finding the real root filesystem and mounting it. It is also responsible for any special preparations required at boot time.
So any special operations required for booting the system from live media can be coded into the initramfs boot scripts.
How is initramfs is created?
We do not have to create initramfs manually (although it can be done). There are tools for creating and updating initramfs like the command update-initramfs. Moreover, these tools can include custom scripts into the initramfs if they are placed in a certain preset locations (/usr/share/initramfs/scripts). So all we have to do is dump our custom scripts (which will do all the required preparation for booting the live CD/DVD) into these preset locations, and then create a custom initramfs by running update-initramfs.
We don't even have to write these scripts. Why? becuase there are packages that have scripts tailored for booting form live CDs. One of these packages is called casper (this is the package used in this howto). By installing casper into the system, it places the scripts in there proper locations (where they can be spotted by update-initrfamfs). The only thing we need to do after installing casper is running update-initramfs to create an initramfs suitable for live CD/DVD.
The live CD/DVD structure:
The directory tree of the live CD/DVD we are going to create is going to look like this:
Code:
(CD ROOT)
|-------+casper
| |-------filesystem.${FORMAT}
| |-------filesystem.manifest
| |-------filesystem.manifest-desktop
|
|-------+boot
| |--------+grub
| | |--------menu.lst
| | |--------stage2_eltorito
| |
| |-------vmlinuz
| |-------initrd.gz
| |-------memtest86+
|
|--------md5sum.txt
- /casper/filesystem.${FORMAT}: This is the container of the linux filesystem we are going to copy from our harddisk. It is usually a compressed filesystem like squahsfs.
- /casper/filesystem.manifest: This file is optional. You only need it if you decide to include the Ubuntu installer in the CD. The purpose of this file will be explained later.
- /casper/filesystem.manifest-desktop: This file is optional. You only need it if you decide to include the Ubuntu installer in the CD. The purpose of this file will be explained later.
- /boot/grub/menu.lst: File containing boot options for the live CD/DVD.
- /boot/grub/stage2_eltorito: The boot loader of the CD. (stage2 of grub).
- /boot/vmlinuz: The linux kernel. This is copied form the linux filesystem.
- /boot/initrd.gz: the initramfs that contain the customizations necessary for the live CD/DVD.
- /boot/memtest86+: Optional file used to test the RAM of the machine form the live CD/DVD.
- /md5sum.txt: Optional file containing checksums for all the files in the CD.
What you need:
- A working Debian or Ubuntu machine with internet access.
- CD/DVD Writer.
- Enough space in your harddirve. At least two times as much space as your installation size.
Outline of the steps:
A. Prepare Our work environment.
B. Copy the Source system to the target directory.
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: This step and replaced with the instructions listed here.
C. Chroot into the new system and make some modifications.
D. Prepare The CD directory tree.
E. Build the CD/DVD
Appendix 1. Adapting this guide to Debian.
Appendix 2. Building the live media form scratch using Debootstrap.
Conventions used in this HOWTO:
- Text highlighted in Magenta is meant to be replaced by the user's custom value.
- Commands performed within a chroot will be in Blue.
- Optional arguments or steps will be highlighted in Gray.
- Special notes and instructions for people building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap are highlighted in Green
- I will use gedit as my default text editor. Replace gedit with your favorite text editor.
A. Preparing the environment
1. Set some variables
Code:
export WORK=~/work
export CD=~/cd
export FORMAT=squashfs
export FS_DIR=casper
export WORK=~/work
export CD=~/cd
export FORMAT=squashfs
export FS_DIR=casper
The WORK Directory is where our temporary files and mount point will reside.
The CD is the location of the CD tree.
FORMAT is the filesystem type. We you are going to use a compressed squashfs
FS_DIR is the location of the actual filesystem image within the cd tree.
Replace only the values highlighted in Magenta.
2. Create the CD and the WORK directory structure:
Code:
sudo mkdir -p ${CD}/{${FS_DIR},boot/grub} ${WORK}/rootfs
3. Install some packages on your current system:
Code:
sudo apt-get update
Code:
sudo apt-get install mkisofs grub squashfs-tools linux-ubuntu-modules-$(uname -r) qemu
qemu is optional. It is only needed for testing the cd before burning it. It can be substituted with any other virtualization software like virtualbox.
linux-ubuntu-modules-$(uname -r) is only needed for Ubuntu Gutsy and later. If using an Ubuntu version prior to Gutsy omit this package as it is part of the main kerenl package.
B. Copy your installation into the new filesystem.
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step and replace it with the instructions listed here.
Code:
sudo rsync -av --one-file-system --exclude=/proc/* --exclude=/dev/*\
--exclude=/sys/* --exclude=/tmp/* --exclude=/home/*\
--exclude=/lost+found / ${WORK}/rootfs
Note: rsync is used instead of cp to take advantage of the --one-file-system and the --exclude options.
If you have a separate boot partition you will have to copy it using the following command:
Code:
sudo cp -av /boot/* ${WORK}/rootfs/boot
(Optional) Copy settings in your home dir:
If you want to preseve your user account settings which are stored in your home directory, you can copy them to ${WORK}/rootfs/etc/skel/.
But first we have to define what files we want to copy. For example I am using xcfe4 as my DE, and it stores all it settings in a directory called .config in my home directory, so I am going to add .config to the variable $CONFIG:
Code:
CONFIG='.config .bashrc'
Now, Copy the CONFIG files using the following command:
Code:
cd ~ && for i in $CONFIG
do
sudo cp -rpv --parents $i ${WORK}/rootfs/etc/skel
done
C. Chroot into the new system and modify it:
1. Chroot into the copied system after mounting proc and dev:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step.
Code:
sudo mount -o bind /dev/ ${WORK}/rootfs/dev
Code:
sudo mount -t proc proc ${WORK}/rootfs/proc
Code:
sudo chroot ${WORK}/rootfs /bin/bash
sudo mount -o bind /dev/ ${WORK}/rootfs/dev
Code:
sudo mount -t proc proc ${WORK}/rootfs/proc
Code:
sudo chroot ${WORK}/rootfs /bin/bash
N.B: All commands in Blue are done within a chroot.
Now you are within chroot environment, type the following command:
Code:
LANG=
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: Resume the steps of the guide here.
2. Install Packages Essential for live CD:
Code:
apt-get update
Code:
apt-get install casper discover1 xresprobe
casper contain the live scirpts.
discover1 & xresprobe are used for autodetectin hardware at startup.
3. (Optional) If you want your live cd to have an installer, install the Ubuntu installer:
Code:
apt-get install ubiquity
Note: People using kde replace replace the previous command with
Code:
apt-get install ubiquity ubiquity-frontend-kde
Credit for this goes note to Fragadelic author of remastersys. Remastersys.
(Optional Step)Install any packages you want to be in the CD. Some of the following packages are useful in emergency situations:
Code:
sudo apt-get install gparted ms-sys testdisk wipe partimage xfsprogs reiserfsprogs jfsutils ntfs-3g ntfsprogs dosfstools mtools
gparted: patitioning tool. It is automatically installed as a dependecy of ubiquity.
ms-sys: writing a Microsoft compatible boot record (MBR).
testdisk: Partition scanner and disk recovery tool.
wipe: Secure file deletion.
partimage: backup partitions into a compressed image file (like norton ghost).
xfsprogs reiserfsprogs jfsutils: Tools for handling different filesystems.
mtools: Tools for manipulating MSDOS files
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: Additional step right here. Look in appendix.2 for details.
4. Update the initramfs:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: Commands in this step are to be modified. Look in appendix.2 for details.
First update modules.dep:
Code:
depmod -a $(uname -r)
Code:
update-initramfs -u -k $(uname -r)
As already metioned above, the initramfs is reponsible for much of the preparation required at the boot time of the CD/DVD. The updated initramfs now contain the live scirpts installed with casper.
5. Delete these files.
Code:
for i in "/etc/hosts /etc/hostname /etc/resolv.conf /etc/timezone /etc/fstab /etc/mtab /etc/shadow /etc/shadow- /etc/gshadow /etc/gshadow- /etc/gdm/gdm-cdd.conf /etc/gdm/gdm.conf-custom /etc/X11/xorg.conf /boot/grub/menu.lst /boot/grub/device.map"
do
rm $i
done 2>/dev/null
These files are not needed in the CD/DVD. some of them are could interfer with the CD/DVD boot process. (e.g. shadow and gdm.conf-custom can interfere with autologin).
6. Clean apt cache
Code:
apt-get clean
7. Clean some dirs and files:
rm -r /tmp/* /root/* 2>/dev/null
Code:
rm /boot/*.bak 2>/dev/null
8. Remove non system users
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step.
for i in `cat /etc/passwd | awk -F":" '{print $1}'`
do
uid=`cat /etc/passwd | grep "^${i}:" | awk -F":" '{print $3}'`
[ "$uid" -gt "999" -a "$uid" -ne "65534" ] && userdel --force ${i} 2>/dev/null
done
Non-system users are users created by you that have user id more than 999.apt-get clean
7. Clean some dirs and files:
Code:
rm -r /tmp/* /root/* 2>/dev/null
Code:
rm /boot/*.bak 2>/dev/null
8. Remove non system users
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step.
Code:
for i in `cat /etc/passwd | awk -F":" '{print $1}'`
do
uid=`cat /etc/passwd | grep "^${i}:" | awk -F":" '{print $3}'`
[ "$uid" -gt "999" -a "$uid" -ne "65534" ] && userdel --force ${i} 2>/dev/null
done
9. Clean the chroot environment form unnecessary files:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step.
Code:
find /var/run /var/log /var/mail /var/spool /var/lock /var/backups /var/tmp -type f -exec rm {} \;
10. If you are using GDM recreate it's config file:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step.
Code:
[ -f "/etc/gdm/factory-gdm.conf" ] && cp -f /etc/gdm/factory-gdm.conf /etc/gdm/gdm.conf 2>/dev/null
Sometimes a customized /etc/gdm/gdm.conf can interfere with the live CD/DVD autologin.
11. Create some files in /var/log:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: skip this step.
Code:
for i in dpkg.log lastlog mail.log syslog auth.log daemon.log faillog lpr.log mail.warn user.log boot debug mail.err messages wtmp bootstrap.log dmesg kern.log mail.info
do
touch /var/log/${i}
done
Most of these files are log files that have been cleaned in step 7. We created an empty files in their place to prevent the system from complaining at boot.
12. Exit chroot
Code:
exit
exit
D. Prepare The CD directory tree:
1. Copy the kernel, the updated initrd and memtest prepared in the chroot:
Note: People building a live CD/DVD from scratch using debootstrap: Commands in this step are to be modified. Look in appendix.2 for details.
Code:
sudo cp -vp ${WORK}/rootfs/boot/vmlinuz-$(uname -r) ${CD}/boot/vmlinuz
Code:
sudo cp -vp ${WORK}/rootfs/boot/initrd.img-$(uname -r) ${CD}/boot/initrd.gz
Code:
sudo cp -vp ${WORK}/rootfs/boot/memtest86+.bin ${CD}/boot
2. Generate manifest:
Note: This step is only needed if you installed the Ubuntu installer ubiquity. This step generates two files (filesystem.manifest & filesystem.manifest-desktop).
Code:
sudo chroot ${WORK}/rootfs dpkg-query -W --showformat='${Package} ${Version}\n' | sudo tee ${CD}/${FS_DIR}/filesystem.manifest
Code:
sudo cp -v ${CD}/${FS_DIR}/filesystem.manifest{,-desktop}
Code:
REMOVE='ubiquity casper user-setup discover1 xresprobe os-prober libdebian-installer4'
Code;
for i in $REMOVE
do
sudo sed -i "/${i}/d" ${CD}/${FS_DIR}/filesystem.manifest-desktop
done
These two files are used by the ubiquity installer when installing to harddisk. These two files are just lists of packages. Ubiquity compares these two files and removes packages unique to filesystem.manifest. This way when installing to harddisk, packages like casper which is only useful in a live CD/DVD are removed. These packages that will be removed at install are defined in the variable $REMOVE
3. Unmount bind mounted dirs:
Code:
sudo umount ${WORK}/rootfs/proc
Code:
sudo umount ${WORK}/rootfs/sys
Code:
sudo umount ${WORK}/rootfs/dev
4. Convert the directory tree into a squashfs:
Code:
sudo mksquashfs ${WORK}/rootfs ${CD}/${FS_DIR}/filesystem.${FORMAT}
Note: Make sure the resulting file size can fit into your live media.
Note: Compression might incur a slight performace penalty. If you are using DVD and your overall system size is less than 4GB you don't have to use compression, instead you can use squashfs without compression by adding the -noI -noD -noF switches to mksquashfs.
5. Make Grub the bootloader of the CD
Copy grub file:
Code:
sudo find /boot /usr/lib/grub/ -iname 'stage2_eltorito' -exec cp -v {} ${CD}/boot/grub \;
Make the menu.lst
sudo gedit ${CD}/boot/grub/menu.lst
sudo find /boot /usr/lib/grub/ -iname 'stage2_eltorito' -exec cp -v {} ${CD}/boot/grub \;
Make the menu.lst
Code:
sudo gedit ${CD}/boot/grub/menu.lst
Copy the following text into it and save it.
Code:
# By default, boot the first entry.
default 0
# Boot automatically after 30 secs.
timeout 30
color cyan/blue white/blue
title Start Linux in Graphical Mode
kernel /boot/vmlinuz BOOT=casper boot=casper nopersistent rw quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
title Start Linux in Safe Graphical Mode
kernel /boot/vmlinuz BOOT=casper boot=casper xforcevesa rw quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
title Start Linux in Text Mode
kernel /boot/vmlinuz BOOT=casper boot=casper nopersistent textonly rw quiet
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
title Start Presistent Live CD
kernel /boot/vmlinuz BOOT=casper boot=casper persistent rw quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
title Start Linux Graphical Mode from RAM
kernel /boot/vmlinuz BOOT=casper boot=casper toram nopersistent rw quiet splash
initrd /boot/initrd.gz
title Memory Test
kernel /boot/memtest86+.bin
title Boot the First Hard Disk
root (hd0)
chainloader +1
6. Calculate MD5
Code:
cd $CD && find . -type f -print0 | xargs -0 sudo md5sum | sudo tee ${CD}/md5sum.txt
E. Build the CD/DVD
1. Make the ISO file
Code:
sudo mkisofs -b boot/grub/stage2_eltorito \
-no-emul-boot -boot-load-size 4 -boot-info-table \
-V "Custom Live CD" -cache-inodes -r -J -l \
-o ~/live-cd.iso $CD
2. Test the CD
Test using qemu emulator
Code:
qemu -cdrom ~/live-cd.iso -boot d
Or use any other virtualization program you like.
Update: As noted by az in this post, while testing the iso with qemu sometimes it drops you to an initramfs shell because of a problem with qemu. This behaviour has been confirmed by other users. In this case it is advisable to retest the iso with another virtualization software like virtualbox or to burn the iso to REWRITABLE cd and test directly on your pc.
3. (Optional) Clean our workspace
Code:
[ -d "$WORK" ] && rm -r $WORK $CD
Final Notes:
- You can add a splash image to the grub menu.
- If you are using a custom kernel make sure it has support for the following:
- Support of loopback device.
- Support for the filesystem format you are using (e.g. squashfs ).
- Support for unionfs.
- Support for initramfs.
- There are some extra options I put in the grub menu. The ones that I have not tried are highlighted in Red below:
- Start linux form RAM. This option is only possible if your ram is larger than data on the live media. This option can be useful if you are building a minimal command line rescue disc as it would enhance performance to start it from RAM.
- Start in presistent mode. To learn about it more look here.
- Start Linux in Text Mode. This will not start X. The user will be autologged into a virtual terminal (the kind of terminal you get when you press Alt+Ctrl+F1). Note that this option will not work in all Ubuntu versions prior to Gutsy.
- Start linux form RAM. This option is only possible if your ram is larger than data on the live media. This option can be useful if you are building a minimal command line rescue disc as it would enhance performance to start it from RAM.
Appendix 1. Adapting this guide to Debian
This guide can be modified to apply to Debian systems as well. There are number of differeces between Ubuntu and Debian that we must take into account:
- As of Debian lenny, casper is deprecated and replaced with live-initramfs. live-initramfs is a fork of casper and it has the same options, with one difference in the CD directory tree sturcute. This can be solved by setting the variable FS_DIR=live instead of FS_DIR=casper.
- Sqaushfs modules and unionfs modules are in two separate packages.
- Ubiquity installer is not present in the Debain repositories. Ubiquity is only needed if you intend to install Linux from the live CD/DVD to the harddisk. I have not tried using ubiquity on Debian so I am not sure if it will work. To install it on Debian you have to add Ubuntu main repository to your sources.list.
So in light of the points mentioned above we have to make the following modifications to adapt the guide to Debian:
In step A.1 replace FS_DIR=casper with
Code:
FS_DIR=live
Replace the command in Step A.3 with:
Code:
sudo apt-get install mkisofs grub squashfs-tools squashfs-modules-$(uname -r) qemu
Replace the command in Step C.2 with:
apt-get install live-initramfs unionfs-modules-$(uname -r) discover1 xresprobesudo apt-get install mkisofs grub squashfs-tools squashfs-modules-$(uname -r) qemu
Replace the command in Step C.2 with:
Code:
Skip step C.3 and D.2 if you do not intend to try ubiquity on Debian.
In Step D.5 Replace every occurence of BOOT=casper and boot=casper in menu.lst with BOOT=live and boot=live respectively
Appendix 2. Building the live media form scratch using debootstrap.
Instead of using your current installation to be the basis of you live CD, you can build a custom system from scratch into any directory in your system using debootstrap, and then use that as the basis of your CD. The modifications you have to make are:
- skip step B alltogether. Instead, do the instructions listed here to build your custom system from scratch using debootstarp
- after finishing the instructions of the guide mentioned above, you resume the steps in this guide, going straight to step C.2 (skip step C.1).
Before step C.4 set the following variable:
Code:
export kversion=`cd /boot && ls vmlinuz-* | sed 's@vmlinuz-@@'`
Modify the two commands in step C.4 so they look lik this:
Code:
depmod -a ${kversion}
depmod -a ${kversion}
Code:
update-initramfs -u -k ${kversion}
Skip the following steps: C8, C9, C10, C11
Modify the commands in Step D.1 as follows:
Code:
find ${WORK}/rootfs/boot -iname 'vmlinuz*' -exec sudo cp -vp {} ${CD}/boot/vmlinuz \;
Code:
find ${WORK}/rootfs/boot -iname 'initrd.img*' -exec sudo cp -vp {} ${CD}/boot/initrd.gz \;
Code:
sudo cp -vp ${WORK}/rootfs/boot/memtest86+.bin ${CD}/boot
dit (1): 20/02/08
- Added Suggestions for packages useful in rescue CD.
- Modified step D.5 as per RumorsOfWar suggestion.
Update (2): 14/03/08
Fragadelic kindly posted this guide on his website. Fragadelic is the author of remastersys. Remastersys is a tool that can create a live CD/DVD in an automated manner as opposed to the step by step nature of this guide. Another advantage of remastersys is that it has a GUI for those who do not want to miss with the command line.
Edit (3): 12/04/08
Correcting a typo in step E.2 as pointed out by vbgeek
Edit (4): 21/04/08
Removed live-initramfs from the variable REMOVE (in step D.2) as pointed out by gjhicks
Edit (5): 05/05/08
Removed the appendix of how to make the cd using a unix filesystem like ext2. This is now obsolete as you can use squashfs without compression by adding the -noI -noD -noF switches to mksquashfs.
Last edited by capink; May 13th, 2008 at 07:27 AM.
Taken From: http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=688872
SugarCRM 5.0.0f on Ubuntu 8.04 (Hardy Heron)
SugarCRM HOWTO
# Install Apache With It's Documentation #####
$ sudo apt-get install apache2 apache2-doc
# Start Apache (it should already be started) #####
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start
# Test Apache #####
Type on Mozilla Firefox: http://127.0.0.1/
It souhld read: It works!
Note: The message "It works!" can be found at the /var/www
directorie, which is apaches's root directory, wich is were
we will install SugaCRM.
# Instaling MySQL and PHP necessary Dependencies #####
$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client
Type in mySQL's root password in the upcoming textbox.
$ sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5 libapache2-mod-perl2
$ sudo apt-get install php5 php5-cli php5-common php5-curl php5-dev php5-gd php5-imap php5-ldap
$ sudo apt-get install php5-mhash php5-mysql php5-odbc curl libwww-perl imagemagick
# Creating SugarCRM MySQL Database #####
$ mysql -u root -p
mysql> create database sugarcrm;
mysql> exit
# Extract SugarCRM #####
$ cd /home/jose/Desktop/SugarCRM
$ unzip SugarCE-5.0.0f.zip
# Installing SugarCRM in Apache #####
# Copiar o SugarCRM para /var/www (apache root dir)
$ sudo cp -vr SugarCE-Full-5.0.0f /var/www
# Give Apache Ownership Over SugarCRM Files (apache-user: www-data) #####
$ sudo chown www-data -vR /var/www/SugarCE-Full-5.0.0f/*
# Write Permitions for Apache on Some of SugarCRM Files #####
$ cd /var/www/SugarCE-Full-5.0.0f
$ sudo chmod 766 config.php
$ sudo chmod 766 custom
$ sudo chmod -R 766 data
$ sudo chmod -R 766 cache
$ sudo chmod -R 766 modules
# Restart Apache #####
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
# Delete Apache's Test Page #####
$ sudo rm -rf /var/www/index.html
# Configuring php.ini #####
sudo gedit /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini
;memory_limit = 16M
memory_limit = 50M
;upload_max_filesize = 2M
upload_max_filesize = 10M
# Configuring SugarCRM #####
Type on Mozilla Firefox:
http://127.0.0.1/SugarCE-Full-5.0.0f/install.php
and configure SugarCRM acording to the presented instructions.
# Install Apache With It's Documentation #####
$ sudo apt-get install apache2 apache2-doc
# Start Apache (it should already be started) #####
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start
# Test Apache #####
Type on Mozilla Firefox: http://127.0.0.1/
It souhld read: It works!
Note: The message "It works!" can be found at the /var/www
directorie, which is apaches's root directory, wich is were
we will install SugaCRM.
# Instaling MySQL and PHP necessary Dependencies #####
$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client
Type in mySQL's root password in the upcoming textbox.
$ sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5 libapache2-mod-perl2
$ sudo apt-get install php5 php5-cli php5-common php5-curl php5-dev php5-gd php5-imap php5-ldap
$ sudo apt-get install php5-mhash php5-mysql php5-odbc curl libwww-perl imagemagick
# Creating SugarCRM MySQL Database #####
$ mysql -u root -p
mysql> create database sugarcrm;
mysql> exit
# Extract SugarCRM #####
$ cd /home/jose/Desktop/SugarCRM
$ unzip SugarCE-5.0.0f.zip
# Installing SugarCRM in Apache #####
# Copiar o SugarCRM para /var/www (apache root dir)
$ sudo cp -vr SugarCE-Full-5.0.0f /var/www
# Give Apache Ownership Over SugarCRM Files (apache-user: www-data) #####
$ sudo chown www-data -vR /var/www/SugarCE-Full-5.0.0f/*
# Write Permitions for Apache on Some of SugarCRM Files #####
$ cd /var/www/SugarCE-Full-5.0.0f
$ sudo chmod 766 config.php
$ sudo chmod 766 custom
$ sudo chmod -R 766 data
$ sudo chmod -R 766 cache
$ sudo chmod -R 766 modules
# Restart Apache #####
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
# Delete Apache's Test Page #####
$ sudo rm -rf /var/www/index.html
# Configuring php.ini #####
sudo gedit /etc/php5/apache2/php.ini
;memory_limit = 16M
memory_limit = 50M
;upload_max_filesize = 2M
upload_max_filesize = 10M
# Configuring SugarCRM #####
Type on Mozilla Firefox:
http://127.0.0.1/SugarCE-Full-5.0.0f/install.php
and configure SugarCRM acording to the presented instructions.
Tuesday, July 8, 2008
Installing Ubuntu Linux (and others) on a Usb PenDrive
How-to:
This tutorial will show how-to install Ubuntu on a usb stick. Even though this tutorial uses Ubuntu as its base distribution, you could Installing Ubuntu Linux on a usb pendrivevirtually use any type of Linux liveCD distribution.
Being able to run Linux out of a usb bar is a great way to enjoy the live CD experience (being able to use Linux on any computer you might get by) and the big advantage of being easier to carry around than a CD.
1. Requirements
In order to reproduce this tutorial, you will need a few items such as:
- a ubuntu liveCD
- a usb bar of at least 1G
- a running Linux operating system
Now that you have all this, it is time to prepare you USB bar do host the Ubuntu liveCD files.
2. Setting up the USB disk
2.1. Finding the device
In the first place, you need to plug your usb drive and check under which device it is associated. To find out the device, run:
$ sudo fdisk -l
On my system, the device appears as being /dev/sdb, I will therefore use /dev/sdb as a reference for this tutorial, please replace it accordingly to your system (might be sda, sdc ...).
Once you found your device, you are going to create the partitions.
Using the wrong device name might destroy your system partition, please double check
2.2. Making the partitions
Make sure every of your already mounted partition are unmounted:
$sudo umount /dev/sdb1
and then launch fdisk, a tool to edit partition under linux:
sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
We are going delete all the partition and then create 2 new partition: one fat partition of 750M which will host the files from the live CD iso, and the rest on another partition.
At fdisk prompt type d x where x is the partition number (you can simply type d if you only have one partition), then:
- n to create a new partition
- p to make it primary
- 1 so it is the first primary partition
- Accept the default or type 1 to start from the first cylinder
- +750M to make it 750 Meg big
- a to toggle the partition active for boot
- 1 to choose the 1 partition
- t to change the partition type
- 6 to set it to FAT16
Now we have out first partition set up, let's create the second one:
- n to create yet again a new partition
- p to make it primary
- 2 to be the second partition
- Accept the default by typing Enter
- Accept the default to make your partition as big as possible
- Finally, type w to write the change to your usb pendrive
Partitions are now created, let's format them.
2.3. Formatting the partitions
The first partition is going to be formated as a FAT filesystem of size 16 and we are going to attribute it the label "liveusb".
$ sudo mkfs.vfat -F 16 -n liveusb /dev/sdb1
The second partition is going to be of type ext2 with a blocksize of 4096 bytes and the label casper-rw. Mind that it has to be labeled as casper-rw otherwise the tutorial won't work!.
$ sudo mkfs.ext2 -b 4096 -L casper-rw /dev/sdb2
At this stage, our usb pendrive is ready to host the liveCD image. Now, let's copy the files to the usb bar.
How-to: Installing Ubuntu Linux on a usb pendrive -- page 2
3. Installing Ubuntu on the USB stick
3.1. Mounting Ubuntu liveCd image
In the first place we need to mount our ubuntu iso. Depending if you have the .iso file or the CD, there is 2 different ways of mounting it.
3.1.1. Mounting from the CD
People using Ubuntu or any other user-friendly distro, might just have to insert the cd and it will be mounted automatically. If this is not the case:
$ sudo mount /media/cdrom
should mount it.
3.1.2. Mounting from an .iso image file
We will need to create a temporary directory, let say /tmp/ubuntu-livecd and then mount our iso (I will be using a feisty fawn iso).
$ mkdir /tmp/ubuntu-livecd
$ sudo mount -o loop /path/to/feisty-desktop-i386.iso /tmp/ubuntu-livecd
Once the cd image is ready, it is time to mount the newly created usb bar partitions:
3.2. Mounting the usb bar partitions
Same here, you might be able to get both your partition by simply replugging the usb pendrive, partition might appears as: /media/liveusb and /media/casper-rw. If this is not the case, then you will need to mount them manually:
$ mkdir /tmp/liveusb
$ sudo mount /dev/sdb1 /tmp/liveusb
All the partitions we need are now mounted, let's copy the files.
3.3. Copying the files to the usb bar
Let positionned yourself on the CD image directory (in my case: /tmp/ubuntu-livecd , but it might be /media/cdrom , and copy at the root of your usb first partition:
- the directories: 'casper', 'disctree', 'dists', 'install', 'pics', 'pool', 'preseed', '.disk'
- The content of directory 'isolinux'
- and files 'md5sum.txt', 'README.diskdefines', 'ubuntu.ico'
- as well as files: 'casper/vmlinuz', 'casper/initrd.gz' and 'install/mt86plus'
$ cd /tmp/ubuntu-livecd
$ sudo cp -rf casper disctree dists install pics pool preseed .disk isolinux/* md5sum.txt README.diskdefines ubuntu.ico casper/vmlinuz casper/initrd.gz install/mt86plus /tmp/liveusb/
It might complain about symbolic links not being able to create, you can ignore this.
Now let's go to the first partition of your usb disk and rename isolinux.cfg to syslinux.cfg:
$ cd /tmp/liveusb
$ sudo mv isolinux.cfg syslinux.cfg
change /tmp/liveusb according to your settings
Edit syslinux.cfg so it looks like:
DEFAULT persistent
GFXBOOT bootlogo
GFXBOOT-BACKGROUND 0xB6875A
APPEND file=preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper initrd=initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --
LABEL persistent
menu label ^Start Ubuntu in persistent mode
kernel vmlinuz
append file=preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper persistent initrd=initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --
LABEL live
menu label ^Start or install Ubuntu
kernel vmlinuz
append file=preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper initrd=initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --
LABEL xforcevesa
menu label Start Ubuntu in safe ^graphics mode
kernel vmlinuz
append file=preseed/ubuntu.seed boot=casper xforcevesa initrd=initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --
LABEL check
menu label ^Check CD for defects
kernel vmlinuz
append boot=casper integrity-check initrd=initrd.gz ramdisk_size=1048576 root=/dev/ram rw quiet splash --
LABEL memtest
menu label ^Memory test
kernel mt86plus
append -
LABEL hd
menu label ^Boot from first hard disk
localboot 0x80
append -
DISPLAY isolinux.txt
TIMEOUT 300
PROMPT 1
F1 f1.txt
F2 f2.txt
F3 f3.txt
F4 f4.txt
F5 f5.txt
F6 f6.txt
F7 f7.txt
F8 f8.txt
F9 f9.txt
F0 f10.txt
Woof, finally we have our usb disk almost usuable. We have a last thing to do: make the usb bootable.
3.4. Making the usb bar bootable.
in order to make our usb disk bootable, we need to install syslinux and mtools:
$ sudo apt-get install syslinux mtools
And finally unmount /dev/sdb1 and make it bootable:
$ cd
$ sudo umount /tmp/liveusb
$ sudo syslinux -f /dev/sdb1
Here we are :D , reboot, set your BIOS to boot from the usb bar and enjoy Ubuntu linux from a pendrive
4. Troubleshooting
If you are having trouble booting on the usb bar, this might be due to your MBR being corrupted. In order to fix it up, you can use lilo (I installed lilo on my box only for thid purpose).
$ lilo -M /dev/sdb
will fix the MBR on device /dev/sdb
Monday, June 23, 2008
Asterisk Web Frontend - VoiceOne on Ubuntu 8.04
----------------------------------------
Pre-requisites
# Install VoiceOne with it's Documentation #####
$ sudo apt-get install apache2 apache2-doc
# Start Apache (it's probably already started) #####
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start
# Testar o Apache #####
Type on Mozilla Firefox: http://127.0.0.1/
It should read: It works!
Nota: The web page with the message It works!" is on the
/var/www directorie, wich is apache's root directorie,
this is were we are going to install voiceone.
# Install MySQL #####
$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client
Type MySQL the following password: voiceone, in the textbox
that will be presented to you in the bash shell.
# Install the needed packages #####
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install sox madplay php5-cgi php-pear asterisk-mysql
$ sudo apt-get install php5 php5-cli php5-common php5-dev
$ sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5
$ sudo apt-get install php5-mhash php5-mysql php5-odbc
Check that asterisk starts correctly by /etc/init.d/asterisk start followed by asterisk -r. The remote connection will complain if asterisk hasn’t started properly. Check /var/log/asterisk/messages.log for errors to resolve. You only need Asterisk to run and respond. Don't worry about configuration files yet.
Disable magic quotes in php.ini located in:
/etc/php5/apache2/php.ini
/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini
/etc/php5/cli/php.ini
magic_quotes_gpc = Off
# Create a Database the VoiceOne Database on MySql:
$ mysql -u root -p
mysql> create database voiceone;
# Unpack voiceone 0.6.1 into /var/www directory #####
$ cd /var/www
$ sudo tar xvfz /path_to_voiceone_tar_gz/voiceone-0.6.1.tar.gz
# Using visudo add the following line to the end of /etc/sudoers: #####
$ sudo visudo
www-data ALL=NOPASSWD: /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/script/vo-tools.sh
Or
$ sudo pico /etc/sudoers
www-data ALL=NOPASSWD: /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/script/vo-tools.sh
# Edit /etc/asterisk/modules.conf file using gedit (or other):
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/modules.conf
- and add this line immediately after: #####
;preload => res_config_odbc.so
preload => res_config_mysql.so
# Create a fresh /etc/asterisk/extconfig.conf file using gedit (or other):
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/extconfig.conf
- containing:
[settings]
agents.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
extensions.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
;iax.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
meetme.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
;misdn.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
musiconhold.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
queues.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
sip.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
zapata.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
;iaxusers => mysql,voiceone,iax_buddies
;iaxpeers => mysql,voiceone,iax_buddies
sipusers => mysql,voiceone,sip_buddies
sippeers => mysql,voiceone,sip_buddies
voicemail => mysql,voiceone,voicemail_users
extensions => mysql,voiceone,extensions_table
# Create /etc/asterisk/res_mysql.conf using gedit
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/res_mysql.conf
- file containing:
[general]
dbhost = localhost
dbname = voiceone
dbuser = root
dbpass = voiceone
dbport = 3306
dbsock = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
# Create /etc/asterisk/cdr_mysql.conf using gedit (or other)
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/cdr_mysql.conf
- file containing:
[global]
hostname=localhost
dbname=voiceone
table=cdr
user=root
password=voiceone
port=3306
sock=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
userfield=1
# Edit /etc/asterisk/manager.conf using gedit (or other)
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/manager.conf
- and ensure these three lines are included:
[general]
enabled=yes
#include "manager.d/*.conf"
# Create /etc/asterisk/manager.d/voiceone.conf using gedit (or other)
$ sudo mkdir /etc/asterisk/manager.d/
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/manager.d/voiceone.conf
- containing
[admin]
secret=qwerty_123_mnbvc
deny=0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0
permit=127.0.0.1/255.255.255.0
read=system,call,log,verbose,command,agent,user
write=system,call,log,verbose,command,agent,user
# Rename both config.inc.php.default in DOCUMENT_ROOT/voiceone/admin/config and DOCUMENT_ROOT/voiceone_webservices/config in config.inc.php (i.e. config.inc.php.default -> config.inc.php), using the following comands:
$ sudo rm -rf /var/www/voiceone/admin/config/config.inc.php
- rename
$ sudo mv /var/www/voiceone/admin/config/config.inc.php.default /var/www/voiceone/admin/config/config.inc.php
$ sudo rm -rf /var/www/voiceone_webservices/admin/config.inc.php
- rename
$ sudo mv /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/config.inc.php.default /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/config.inc.php
# Edit /var/www/voiceone/admin/config/config.inc.php using gedit (or other)
$ sudo gedit /var/www/voiceone/admin/config/config.inc.php
- and change $soapUsername and $soapHostname to the following:
$soapUsername = "root";
$soapHostname = "localhost";
# Edit /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/config.inc.php using gedit (or other)
$ sudo gedit /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/config.inc.php
- and change the following to match:
//Mysql ACCOUNT
$synDBHost = "localhost";
$synDBUser = "root";
$synDBPassword = "voiceone";
$synDBName = "voiceone";
# Enter the following sequence to finish off permissions & paths:
$ cd /var/www
$ sudo chown www-data voiceone -R
$ sudo chown www-data voiceone_webservices -R
$ sudo chmod 777 voiceone/sandbox -R
$ sudo chmod 777 voiceone/admin/public/template/cache -R
$ sudo chmod 755 voiceone_webservices/config/script/vo-tools.sh
$ sudo chmod 777 voiceone_webservices/utility/provisioning/firmware/data
$ sudo ln -s /usr/share/asterisk /var/lib/asterisk
$ sudo ln -s /usr/share/asterisk/moh /usr/share/asterisk/mohmp3
$ sudo mkdir /usr/share/asterisk/moh/voiceone
$ sudo mkdir /usr/share/asterisk/moh/voiceone/default
# Restart Apache #####
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
# Delete Apache's Test Webpage #####
$ sudo rm -rf /var/www/index.html
# Configure VoiceOne #####
Type on Mozilla Firefox:
http://127.0.0.1/voiceone/setup.php
and follow the presented voiceone instructions.
.
# Using VoiceOne
Type on Mozilla Firefox:
http://127.0.0.1/voiceone/index.php
to use Voiceone
And that's it you are ready to rumble.
Pre-requisites
# Install VoiceOne with it's Documentation #####
$ sudo apt-get install apache2 apache2-doc
# Start Apache (it's probably already started) #####
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 start
# Testar o Apache #####
Type on Mozilla Firefox: http://127.0.0.1/
It should read: It works!
Nota: The web page with the message It works!" is on the
/var/www directorie, wich is apache's root directorie,
this is were we are going to install voiceone.
# Install MySQL #####
$ sudo apt-get install mysql-server mysql-client
Type MySQL the following password: voiceone, in the textbox
that will be presented to you in the bash shell.
# Install the needed packages #####
$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install sox madplay php5-cgi php-pear asterisk-mysql
$ sudo apt-get install php5 php5-cli php5-common php5-dev
$ sudo apt-get install libapache2-mod-php5
$ sudo apt-get install php5-mhash php5-mysql php5-odbc
Check that asterisk starts correctly by /etc/init.d/asterisk start followed by asterisk -r. The remote connection will complain if asterisk hasn’t started properly. Check /var/log/asterisk/messages.log for errors to resolve. You only need Asterisk to run and respond. Don't worry about configuration files yet.
Disable magic quotes in php.ini located in:
/etc/php5/apache2/php.ini
/etc/php5/cgi/php.ini
/etc/php5/cli/php.ini
magic_quotes_gpc = Off
# Create a Database the VoiceOne Database on MySql:
$ mysql -u root -p
mysql> create database voiceone;
# Unpack voiceone 0.6.1 into /var/www directory #####
$ cd /var/www
$ sudo tar xvfz /path_to_voiceone_tar_gz/voiceone-0.6.1.tar.gz
# Using visudo add the following line to the end of /etc/sudoers: #####
$ sudo visudo
www-data ALL=NOPASSWD: /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/script/vo-tools.sh
Or
$ sudo pico /etc/sudoers
www-data ALL=NOPASSWD: /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/script/vo-tools.sh
# Edit /etc/asterisk/modules.conf file using gedit (or other):
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/modules.conf
- and add this line immediately after: #####
;preload => res_config_odbc.so
preload => res_config_mysql.so
# Create a fresh /etc/asterisk/extconfig.conf file using gedit (or other):
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/extconfig.conf
- containing:
[settings]
agents.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
extensions.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
;iax.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
meetme.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
;misdn.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
musiconhold.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
queues.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
sip.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
zapata.conf => mysql,voiceone,ast_config
;iaxusers => mysql,voiceone,iax_buddies
;iaxpeers => mysql,voiceone,iax_buddies
sipusers => mysql,voiceone,sip_buddies
sippeers => mysql,voiceone,sip_buddies
voicemail => mysql,voiceone,voicemail_users
extensions => mysql,voiceone,extensions_table
# Create /etc/asterisk/res_mysql.conf using gedit
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/res_mysql.conf
- file containing:
[general]
dbhost = localhost
dbname = voiceone
dbuser = root
dbpass = voiceone
dbport = 3306
dbsock = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
# Create /etc/asterisk/cdr_mysql.conf using gedit (or other)
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/cdr_mysql.conf
- file containing:
[global]
hostname=localhost
dbname=voiceone
table=cdr
user=root
password=voiceone
port=3306
sock=/var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
userfield=1
# Edit /etc/asterisk/manager.conf using gedit (or other)
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/manager.conf
- and ensure these three lines are included:
[general]
enabled=yes
#include "manager.d/*.conf"
# Create /etc/asterisk/manager.d/voiceone.conf using gedit (or other)
$ sudo mkdir /etc/asterisk/manager.d/
$ sudo gedit /etc/asterisk/manager.d/voiceone.conf
- containing
[admin]
secret=qwerty_123_mnbvc
deny=0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0
permit=127.0.0.1/255.255.255.0
read=system,call,log,verbose,command,agent,user
write=system,call,log,verbose,command,agent,user
# Rename both config.inc.php.default in DOCUMENT_ROOT/voiceone/admin/config and DOCUMENT_ROOT/voiceone_webservices/config in config.inc.php (i.e. config.inc.php.default -> config.inc.php), using the following comands:
$ sudo rm -rf /var/www/voiceone/admin/config/config.inc.php
- rename
$ sudo mv /var/www/voiceone/admin/config/config.inc.php.default /var/www/voiceone/admin/config/config.inc.php
$ sudo rm -rf /var/www/voiceone_webservices/admin/config.inc.php
- rename
$ sudo mv /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/config.inc.php.default /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/config.inc.php
# Edit /var/www/voiceone/admin/config/config.inc.php using gedit (or other)
$ sudo gedit /var/www/voiceone/admin/config/config.inc.php
- and change $soapUsername and $soapHostname to the following:
$soapUsername = "root";
$soapHostname = "localhost";
# Edit /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/config.inc.php using gedit (or other)
$ sudo gedit /var/www/voiceone_webservices/config/config.inc.php
- and change the following to match:
//Mysql ACCOUNT
$synDBHost = "localhost";
$synDBUser = "root";
$synDBPassword = "voiceone";
$synDBName = "voiceone";
# Enter the following sequence to finish off permissions & paths:
$ cd /var/www
$ sudo chown www-data voiceone -R
$ sudo chown www-data voiceone_webservices -R
$ sudo chmod 777 voiceone/sandbox -R
$ sudo chmod 777 voiceone/admin/public/template/cache -R
$ sudo chmod 755 voiceone_webservices/config/script/vo-tools.sh
$ sudo chmod 777 voiceone_webservices/utility/provisioning/firmware/data
$ sudo ln -s /usr/share/asterisk /var/lib/asterisk
$ sudo ln -s /usr/share/asterisk/moh /usr/share/asterisk/mohmp3
$ sudo mkdir /usr/share/asterisk/moh/voiceone
$ sudo mkdir /usr/share/asterisk/moh/voiceone/default
# Restart Apache #####
$ sudo /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
# Delete Apache's Test Webpage #####
$ sudo rm -rf /var/www/index.html
# Configure VoiceOne #####
Type on Mozilla Firefox:
http://127.0.0.1/voiceone/setup.php
and follow the presented voiceone instructions.
.
# Using VoiceOne
Type on Mozilla Firefox:
http://127.0.0.1/voiceone/index.php
to use Voiceone
And that's it you are ready to rumble.
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